Earth
History and Global Change
GEOL-1122 Fall 2009
PRACTICE
for LECTURE TEST #2
Name
________________________
PART I ‑ Multiple Choice (50 pts.‑
2 pts. each)
**Circle the letter of the best answer.
1) Which of
the following types of strain most commonly occur during the deformation of rocks
along the surface of the Earth?
a) Brittle and elastic
b) Elastic and plastic
c) Plastic and brittle
d) Plastic only
2) Which of
the following would result in an increase in plastic strain?
a) Slower rates of applied stress
b) Elevated temperatures
c) Elevated lithostatic pressure
d) All of the above
3) Which of
the following geologic structures is formed by compressional stress?
a) Anticline
b) Reverse fault
c) Syncline
d) All of the above
4) Which of the
following statements concerning synclines is correct?
a) They are formed by directed stress.
b) They are concave in the direction of the
oldest beds.
c) They result in crustal thinning.
d) All of the above
5) A circular
or elliptical structure in which the beds all dip inward and the youngest units
are found in the center is called a/an:
a) Anticline
b) Basin
c) Syncline
d) Dome
6) Which of
the following is a type of joints formed by thermal contraction (stress)?
a) Columnar joints
b) Exfoliation or sheeting joints
c) Deformation joints
d) Mesothermal fractures
7) Which of
the following statements concerning a normal fault is correct?
a) It results in crustal thickening
b) It results from compressional
stress
c) The hanging wall block moves downward
relative to the footwall block
d) All of the above
8) A
measurement used in Structural Geology which is the direction of the line
produced by the intersection of an inclined plane (bedding surface or geologic
structure) and an imaginary horizontal plane is called:
a) Strike
b) Dip
c) Latitude
d) Attitude
9) The San
Andreas Fault is an example of which of the following types of faults?
a) Left-lateral strike-slip fault
b) Low-angle reverse fault
c) Right-lateral strike-slip fault
d) Steeply-dipping normal fault
10) Which of
the following processes explains the gradual upward movement of continental crust as a result of the melting of glacial
deposits or the erosion of overlying rocks?
a) Gradualism
b) Isostatic
Rebound
c) Crustal
Flexure
d) Nongravitational
Uplift
11) In
reconstructing the supercontinents, which of the following boundaries provides
the most accurate fit and geologic sense?
a) Shorelines defined by sealevel
b) Edge of the continental shelf
c) Base level of the mountain belts
d) Highest recorded shoreline from geologic
past
12) Which of
the following is not a
component of the Gondwana Sequence?
a) Jurassic lava flows
b) Precambrian basement rocks
c) Paleozoic glacial deposits
d) Cenozoic desert evaporites
13) Which of
the following is not a
typical characteristic of convergent continent-continent plate collisions?
a)
Mountain building and crustal thickening
b) Folding and thrust faulting
c) Normal faulting
d) Active seismic activity
14) Which of
the following geographic locations would be the best place to measure the rate
of plate movement?
a)
Eastern South America
b) Iceland
c) Eastern Canada
d) Central Antarctica
15) Which of
the following geologic structures would be common in the East Africa Rift area?
a) Normal faults
b) Synclines
c) Thrust faults
d) All of the above
16) The
temperature at which rocks retain the orientation of Earth's magnetic field is:
a) 100°C
b) 250°C
c) 580°C
d) 1500°C
17) Which of
the following rock types would retain the position of the earth's magnetic
field during the rock’s formation?
a)
Granitic gneiss
b)
Basalt lava
c)
Intrusive diorite
d)
All of the above
18) Which of
the following paleomagnetic orientations would be found in a gabbro that recently
formed at 45° south latitude?
a)
Little or no inclination and a northeast compass orientation
b) A
45° downward inclination and a northward compass orientation
c) A
slight upward inclination and a northeast compass orientation
d) A
45° upward inclination and a northward compass orientation
19) A sample
of basalt in which the magnetic field is oriented vertical with the north pole pointing
directly upward relative to the earth's surface probably formed:
a) Near the North Pole.
b) Near the equator.
c) Near the South Pole.
d) Midway between the equator and the
North Pole.
20) Which of
the following is an example of a modern island arc?
a) Iceland and adjacent islands
b) Japanese Islands
c) Hawaiian Islands
d) All of the above
21) Which of
the following statements about the asthenosphere is correct?
a) This layer is close to its melting point
but remains solid.
b)
This layer deforms plastically.
c) It
is the mantle layer which allows the rigid overlying plates to move.
d) All of the above.
22) The
deepest areas of the oceans are associated with:
a) Mid-oceanic ridges and rises
b) Ocean trenches and subduction zones
c) Mantle hot spots
d) Areas of young or recently-formed oceanic
crust
23) Magnetic
reversals are best studied and measured at which of the following locations?
a) Subduction zones
b) Intercontinental mountain ranges
c) Oceanic spreading ridges and rises
d) Stable continental margins
24) Which of
the following is most likely responsible for the reversals of the earth’s magnetic
poles in the geologic past?
a) Disruption and stabilization of convection
in the outer liquid core
b) Strong electromagnetic storms generated by
solar explosions (Sun spots)
c) Meteors passing through the earth’s
atmosphere
d) Large flocks of pigeons flying in the same
direction
25) Which of
the following is an important characteristic of oceanic-oceanic divergent plate
boundaries?
a) Anticlines and synclines
b) Extensive basaltic volcanism
c) Reverse and thrust faults
d) Foliated metamorphic rocks
PART II ‑ Fill in the Blank (50
pts. ‑ 2 pts. each question.)
26-27)
____________________ is a measurement of force per unit area, while _________________
is a change in the shape and/or size of a material as a result of applied
force.
28) A type of
linear fold which is concave in the direction of the older units is called a/an
___________________________
29) A geologic
structure in which the rock units have a relatively uniform strike and dip over
a large area is called a/an ________________________.
30-31) Horsts
and grabens form by subparallel, very elongate _________________ faults. A geographic location in the southwestern
United States that is characterized by horsts
and graben
structures is the ________________________.
32) Fractures
along which there has been no significant movement are called _______________________.
33) Low-angle
(with dips less than 45°) reverse
faults are called _______________ faults.
34) The study
of the distribution of ancient life forms is called ____________________.
35-36) Name
two rock types and associated environments that can be used in paleoclimate
studies.
Rock name _____________________ Environment __________________________
Rock name _____________________ Environment __________________________
37-39) (6 points) Complete the following chart:
|
Type of Plate Boundary |
Volcanism (occurrence and composition) |
Geologic Structures |
Example |
|
Convergent Ocean-Continent |
very common andesite volcanism |
|
|
|
Divergent Continent-Continent |
|
normal faults and rift basins |
|
|
Transform between all plate types |
|
|
San Andreas Fault |
40-41) Name the five landmasses that were part
of Gondwana where similar rock types and fossils of the Gondwana Sequence are
used as evidence of Plate Tectonics and
previous
connection between these area: _______________________________, ______________________________, ____________________________,
______________________________,
and ____________________________.
42) The
average rate of plate movement is approximately _________________(Give units.)
43) The most
important mechanism responsible for plate movement is ________________________________.
44) The
snaggle-toothed freshwater reptile that is found in similar-aged rocks on adjacent
parts of South America and Africa is called _______________________.
45-46)
Describe the change in the following characteristics of ocean crust and
overlying material with increased distance from the central oceanic ridge or
rise.
Crustal Age (younger, older or no change):
________________________________
Sediment Thickness (thicker, thinner or no
change): _________________________
Crustal Temperatures (hotter, colder or no
change): _________________________
Crustal Density (more dense, less dense or
no change): ______________________
47) Zones of inclined or dipping
seismic activity where the depth of the earthquakes increase as you move from
the coastline inland along active plate margins are called
_________________________.
48-49) The oldest oceanic crust found along the ocean
floor is only 200 million years old. Explain
what has apparently happened to the older oceanic crust if the Earth is really
4.5 billion years old. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
50) The
_______________________ is composed of the crust and upper brittle mantle that comprise the ‘plates’ of Plate
Tectonics.
Extra Credit (2 points): What is name of the
man shown below and why is he important?
_______________________________________________________________
