Exam 3 Review Sheet

 

Chapter 7

1.      What are the four agents of metamorphism?  You should be able to discuss where each agent might originate (for example, Heat can be the result of burial).

2.      Discuss the role each of the agents of metamorphism plays in transforming any rock into a metamorphic rock.

3.      Know all SEVEN types of metamorphism as defined in class and be able to describe which agents of metamorphism are most important in each case and their size (low, medium or high).

4.      What are the factors that affect contact metamorphism?

5.      Know how to interpret Figure 7.19 to determine metamorphic facies.  What is a metamorphic facies?  How might geologists use facies to interpret the geologic history of a region?

6.      What are index minerals?  How can they be used to determine metamorphic grade?

7.      What is a metamorphic zone?  How is it related to metamorphic index minerals or facies?

8.      Discuss how a foliation develops in a metamorphic rock.  What two things are necessary for a foliation to form?

9.      How does the texture of a metamorphic rock record the influence of differential pressure?

10. Can lithostatic pressure produce a foliation?  Explain your answer.

11. You should be able to identify BY DESCRIPTION the metamorphic rocks on p. 176 and tell me if the rock is foliated or non-foliated, its grade and a possible parent rock.

12. Draw and describe the types of metamorphism that occur along the different types of tectonic boundary.

13. Know the rock cycle and be able to draw it as a triangular diagram (as shown in class).

14. List two metallic and two non-metallic metamorphic resources.

15. Describe the process that forms Cyprus-type and Mississippi Valley-type mineral deposits.

 

Chapter 8

16. How does elastic rebound theory account for the energy released during an earthquake?

17. Define focus and epicenter.  For a particular earthquake, how are they related?

18. Know about the motions of the various earthquake waves.

19. What are some of the fundamental differences in body and surface waves?  Between P- and S-waves?  Between Rayleigh and Love waves?

20. Be able to describe the basic operation of a modern seismograph.

21. How many detectors are in our seismic vault?  What types are they?  How are they oriented (NE-SW?  E-W? Vertical?).

22. If an earthquake occurs directly north (south, east, west) of our seismic station, on which of our instruments would each wave type be recorded?

23. What are the different magnitude scales?  How are they different from each other?  Which is the most accurate and reliable for describing the true size of an earthquake?

24. Be able to determine the approximate amplitude and energy release differences between earthquakes of different magnitudes.

25. What is seismic intensity?  How is it measured?  Is this a quantitative or qualitative measure?

26. What factors determine the seismic intensity of a particular event at a given location?

27. Review the slide show on earthquake prediction on the class web site (link: http://itc.gsw.edu/faculty/speavy/spclass/EQ-Pred_files/frame.htm ) and answer the following questions:

  1. What are the two approaches to earthquake prediction?
  2. What are some examples of earthquake precursors?
  3. Describe the idea of strain accumulation.
  4. How reliable is the seismic gap theory as a predictor of major earthquakes?
  5. What is the Parkfield Experiment?  Where is it located? 
  6. What two types of historical studies are done?  Describe each.
  7. What is a seismic hazard map?

28. Describe the various ways that earthquakes can be destructive.

29. What can be done to minimize earthquake hazards?

30. The structure of the Earth’s interior was deduced from measurements of seismic waves.  Be able to describe how, when and by whom each of the following discoveries were made:

  1. the existence of the core
  2. the discovery of the mantle
  3. the discovery that the core is – at least in part – liquid
  4. the existence of an solid, inner core

31. If the Earth were completely solid and homogenous throughout, how would P- and S- waves behave as they traveled through the planet?  How do they actually behave?

32. Describe how velocities vary in the mantle.  Why do they vary so much? (see p.216-217).